Gradual Nash Bargaining with Endogenous Agenda: A Path-Dependent Model

This article proposes a method for considering the bargaining agenda as an endogenous phenomenon in gradual bargaining games, understood as being path-dependent processes. Some short, medium and long-term results for bargaining are presented, as well as a possible application for the model.Game theory, Bargaining, Path-Dependent Processes

Emergency Department Costs by Methods of Payment

This study analyzes how the health care system is utilized by people living in the United States. The primary focus is on the use of Emergency Rooms and the forms of payment used by patients, as we are concerned with the costs of moving the uninsured population to Medicaid. This research analyzes data from the Health Care Utilization Project’s (HCUP) 2006 National Statistics of all Emergency Department visits that resulted in discharge. Data specifically focuses on the recipients of Medicaid, the uninsured, recipients of Medicare, and those using private insurance. The 2006 population for each form of payment is also presented. Using the data, we have subtracted utilization rates between Medicaid and the uninsured and multiplied these rates by the mean cost of the Medicaid population. This result was then divided by 1,000 and multiplied by the total uninsured 2006 population to produce an estimated cost of moving the total uninsured population. After performing such steps, the results show that an estimated $280,085,549,000 dollars would be the cost of insuring 47 million uninsured individuals with Medicaid from 2006. Still, there are numerous factors to be considered, such as the maximum percent each individual state will cover for its residents under Medicaid, as well as the health habits patients may adopt with Medicaid and the growth in population. Such research will contribute to the growing field of work on how to provide the best quality of care for patients at the best cost.Ope

Intravitreal Bevacizumab as Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in the Management of Complications of Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has been shown to be an endothelial cell-specific mitogen and an angiogenic inducer in a variety of in vitro and in vivo models. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated to increase retinal vessel permeability by increasing the phosphorylation of tight junction proteins. Recent work has found elevated levels of VEGF in ocular fluids of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). Thus, it makes sense to consider anti-VEGF treatments in the management of PDR. The purpose of the current research is to determine if intravitreal bevacizumab as anti-VEGF is helpful in the management of complications of PDR

The Energy-dependent X-ray Timing Characteristics of the Narrow Line Seyfert 1 Mkn 766

We present the energy-dependent power spectral density (PSD) and cross-spectral properties of Mkn 766, obtained from combining data obtained during an XMM-Newton observation spanning six revolutions in 2005 with data obtained from an XMM-Newton long-look in 2001. The PSD shapes and rms-flux relations are found to be consistent between the 2001 and 2005 observations, suggesting the 2005 observation is simply a low-flux extension of the 2001 observation and permitting us to combine the two data sets. The resulting PSD has the highest temporal frequency resolution for any AGN PSD measured to date. Applying a broken power-law model yields break frequencies which increase in temporal frequency with photon energy. Obtaining a good fit when assuming energy-independent break frequencies requires the presence of a Lorentzian at 4.6+/-0.4 * 10^-4 Hz whose strength increases with photon energy, a behavior seen in black hole X-ray binaries. The cross-spectral properties are measured; temporal frequency-dependent soft-to-hard time lags are detected in this object for the first time. Cross-spectral results are consistent with those for other accreting black hole systems. The results are discussed in the context of several variability models, including those based on inwardly-propagating viscosity variations in the accretion disk.Comment: Accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal. 18 pages, 9 figures. Uses emulateapj5.st

Retinal Research in Latin America: How Did We Get Here?

Among the numerous contributions by the Pan-American Association of Ophthalmology (PAAO) to the improvement of ophthalmology in Latin America, it has played an invaluable role in the development of the retina and vitreous subspecialty in the region. The quality of the research published in Latin America demonstrates the development of the retina subspecialty at this region and also the worldwide collaboration pioneered by PAAO and the Pan-American Collaborative Retina Study Group (PACORES). We would suggest further academic relationship at the regional as well as international levels as well as funding research institutes to assist retinal researchers in the region since it is generally thought that there is frequently a lack of government funding at all levels, from patient education to support for health teams to tertiary health care centers

Measurement of cavitation in a sliding bearing using digital holography

This paper was presented at the 4th Micro and Nano Flows Conference (MNF2014), which was held at University College, London, UK. The conference was organised by Brunel University and supported by the Italian Union of Thermofluiddynamics, IPEM, the Process Intensification Network, the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, the Heat Transfer Society, HEXAG - the Heat Exchange Action Group, and the Energy Institute, ASME Press, LCN London Centre for Nanotechnology, UCL University College London, UCL Engineering, the International NanoScience Community, www.nanopaprika.eu.Although most of the mathematical models for cavitation in bearings provide reasonable estimates of engineering parameters such as load capacity and friction, they are based on substantially different assumptions and further work is required to understand the fundamental operation of bearings. In this study digital holography was used to examine bubble formation within a glass sliding bearing. Digital holography collects the both the phase and amplitude of the transmitted wavefront and therefore contains quantitative information concerning the thickness of the cavitation bubbles. This paper introduces the experimental configuration and the digital holography system used to study cavitation. It also discusses the demodulation process and how the information can be used to find other interesting parameters such as bubble position and shape

Magnus Expansion and Three-Neutrino Oscillations in Matter

We present a semi-analytical derivation of the survival probability of solar neutrinos in the three generation scheme, based on the Magnus approximation of the evolution operator of a three level system, and assuming a mass hierarchy among neutrino mass eigenstates. We have used an exponential profile for the solar electron density in our approximation. The different interesting density regions that appear throughout the propagation are analyzed. Finally, some comments on the allowed regions in the solar neutrino parameter space are addressed.Comment: RevTex4 style, 5 pages including 5 figures. Presented at Mexican School of Astrophysics 2002, Guanajuato, Mexico, 31 Jul - 7 Aug 2002. Final version to appear in the Proceedings of IX Mexican Workshop on Particles and Fields Physics Beyond the Standard Model, Colima Col. Mexico, November 17-22, 200

From the Hypotheses to Clinical Evidence in Retinal Therapy

The off-label, therapeutic use of intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) in vascular retinal diseases such as diabetic macular edema and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) has increased significantly due to its ability to reduce retinal neovascularization and slow progression of disease. Here, we will review the literature and investigative developments on the use of IVB as a preoperative adjuvant to vitrectomy in severe PDR, specifically focusing on its ability to reduce intra- and postoperative complications and its risk for progression or development of traction retinal detachment. In particular, this review will highlight the natural progression of evidence from case series and observations to prospective, randomized clinical trials